Unanswered Topics

1

Genetics / The Terminology of Genetics -- An Overview

« Last post by smfadmin on Today at 11:44:58 AM »

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ListAttBBC  |  v7.3.0  |  2026-10-26  |  Andrew.human & Claude.ai  |  live 12:44:40

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2

Evolution / Origigins of Life: Chemistry and Evolution (Compare this with mine)

« Last post by smfadmin on Today at 11:15:57 AM »

Origins of Life: Chemistry and Evolution

14 Jan 2026

Kavita Matange', Vahab Rajaei, Gary Schuster', Nicholas Hud , Cesar Menor-Salvan, Pau Capera-Aragonės?, Anton Petrov, Moran Frenkel-Pinter, Loren Wiliams

1. Georgia Institute of Technology
2. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
3. University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares

Abstract

The origins of biopolymers embody a central question about the origin of life and the nature of chemical sciences. Two conceptually distinct models, direct chemical synthesis and chemical evolution, have been advanced to explain the prebiotic emergence of RNA and other biopolymers, and they motivate different predictions and experimental approaches. In the direct chemical synthesis model, the inherent reactivities of prebiotic compounds on the ancient Earth led to the formation of RNA, which subsequently enabled Darwinian evolution. This model depends on the prebiotic availability of sugars (and their precursors), nucleic acid bases, amino acids, and other chemical species. In this framework, serial and parallel chemical reactions, governed primarily by the intrinsic properties of small-molecule feedstocks, combine stepwise to yield RNA.

In a fundamentally different and more recent model,RNA is assumed to have emerged alongside other biopolymers during a prolonged interval of chemical evolution in which complex, diverse molecular ensembles were subject to dynamic and continually shifting selective pressures. In this evolutionary framework, RNA does not arise directly from simple building blocks in a prebiotic milieu but from iterative cycles of diversity generation selective retention, and chemical transformation within heterogeneous organic mixtures. This model presages deep biological entanglement among different classes of biomolecules.

It remains unknown whether direct chemical synthesis, chemical evolution, or some combination of these processes provides a viable prebiotic path to RNA.

3

Genetics / The Chromosomes (this pictorial is a bit "muddled" up, through no fault of mine

« Last post by smfadmin on Today at 11:03:21 AM »

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ListAttBBC  |  v7.3.0  |  2026-10-26  |  Andrew.human & Claude.ai  |  live 12:44:40

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4

Cells / Animation: The Macrophage -- How White Blood Cell Eat

« Last post by smfadmin on Today at 10:57:48 AM »

Phagocytosis

5

Cells / How White Blood Cells Hunt Bacteria

« Last post by smfadmin on Today at 10:54:21 AM »

Clever !

6

Genetics / Animation: Gene Editing with CRISPR-Cas9

« Last post by smfadmin on Today at 10:49:14 AM »

Watch !

7

Cells / All the Way a Cell Can Die -- and Why the Variety Matters

« Last post by smfadmin on Today at 10:44:18 AM »

instagram-1793846492518.jpg (121.64 kB . 1179x1572 - viewed 1 times)
instagram-1793846492618.jpg (193.23 kB . 1179x1572 - viewed 1 times)

8

Genetics / Pre-mRNA to Mature mRNA Translation

« Last post by smfadmin on Today at 10:36:57 AM »

instagram-1793845686685.jpg (365.31 kB . 1122x1402 - viewed 2 times)

9

Genetics / DNA to RNA Transcription

« Last post by smfadmin on Today at 10:33:54 AM »

instagram-1793845686585.jpg (340.23 kB . 1122x1402 - viewed 2 times)

10

Genetics / Transcription

« Last post by smfadmin on Today at 10:27:19 AM »

instagram-1793845586944.jpg (458.07 kB . 1136x1408 - viewed 2 times)

If you need any help or a chat then IM/PM or email me, Chip