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« Last post by Chip on December 09, 2025, 10:16:21 AM »
https://www.wired.com/story/a-fentanyl-vaccine-is-about-to-get-its-first-major-test/?utm_source=nl&utm_brand=wired&utm_mailing=WIR_Science_120825&utm_campaign=aud-dev&utm_medium=email&utm_term=WIR_Science&utm_content=WIR_Science_120825&bxid=67883001cdeb6340250c3d97&cndid=85787720&hasha=c9edd795ab58c731e64cc2832451a46d&hashb=92cd5a4e4f9a554757364e6cc6a52d8ff33f14ec&hashc=1e7f7a9239bb44f191dc979b8fe5e634e587dfe020b84a653d2040468a8b342b&esrc=bx_multi1st_science* There is an audio file available at the link A Fentanyl Vaccine Is About to Get Its First Major TestDec 3, 2025 ARMR Sciences of New York is trialing a vaccine in the Netherlands to protect against fentanyl-related overdose and death. Just a tiny amount of fentanyl, the equivalent of a few grains of sand, is enough to stop a person’s breathing. The synthetic opioid is tasteless, odorless, and invisible when mixed with other substances, and drug users are often unaware of its presence. PHOTO-ILLUSTRATION: WIRED STAFF; GETTY IMAGES:
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« Last post by Chip on December 07, 2025, 09:27:29 AM »
https://neurosciencenews.com/episodic-memory-change-30022/Why Memories Change: How the Brain Rewrites the PastDecember 5, 2025 Summary: A new review explores how episodic memories are formed, stored, and reshaped over time, revealing why our recollections of past events often change. Rather than functioning like fixed files, memories consist of multiple components that can lie dormant until triggered by environmental cues. When retrieved, these components blend with general knowledge, past experiences, and current context, creating updated versions of the original event. The findings help explain memory distortion and offer insights for mental health, learning, and legal settings where accuracy matters. Neuroscience News logo for mobile. This shows a head and a brain. A key part of the study focused on how the brain physically stores memories, highlighting the role of the hippocampus - a part of the brain that helps form and organise memories. Credit: Neuroscience News Why Memories Change: How the Brain Rewrites the Past FeaturedNeuroscience·December 5, 2025 Summary: A new review explores how episodic memories are formed, stored, and reshaped over time, revealing why our recollections of past events often change. Rather than functioning like fixed files, memories consist of multiple components that can lie dormant until triggered by environmental cues. When retrieved, these components blend with general knowledge, past experiences, and current context, creating updated versions of the original event. The findings help explain memory distortion and offer insights for mental health, learning, and legal settings where accuracy matters. Key Facts * Dynamic Memories: Episodic memories are continually updated, not stored as perfect copies. * Trigger-Based Recall: Hidden memory traces become conscious only when activated by cues. * Real-World Impact: Memory reshaping affects mental health, education, and legal decision-making. Source: University of East Anglia A study from the University of East Anglia is helping scientists better understand how our brains remember past events – and how those memories can change over time. A new paper published today explores episodic memory – the kind of memory we use to recall personal experiences like a birthday party or a holiday. The team say their work has important implications for mental health, education, and legal settings where memory plays a key role. The article continues at the source link above ...
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« Last post by smfadmin on December 04, 2025, 01:53:58 PM »
1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO) / GHB Overview and Urine-Analysis
Key Points:- 1,4-BDO is metabolized in the body into GHB.
- Urine tests usually detect GHB, not 1,4-BDO itself.
- Detection times are short due to rapid metabolism.
Detection Windows| [th]Sample Type[/th][th]Detection Window[/th][th]Notes[/th] | | Urine (standard test) | ~6–12 hours | Most standard tests detect GHB shortly after use. | | Urine (sensitive forensic tests) | Up to 24 hours | Highly sensitive labs may detect metabolites longer. | | Blood / Plasma | ~1–4 hours | Very short; rapid metabolism to GHB. | | Hair | Up to 90 days | Can detect repeated or chronic use; single use detection less reliable. |
Urine Clearance Timeline (Approximate)Time after ingestion → Likely Detection in Urine
0–2 hrs █████████████ Very high (recent use)
2–6 hrs ████████ High
6–12 hrs ████ Moderate → Low
12–24 hrs ██ Low → Rare
>24 hrs ░ Usually undetectable
Effects of 1,4-BDO (Conceptual, Tolerance Considered)| [th]1,4-BDO Dose (mL)[/th][th]GHB Equivalent (g)[/th][th]Naïve User Effects[/th][th]High-Tolerance User Effects[/th][th]Risk Level[/th] | | 1–2 | 0.6–1.2 | Mild euphoria, relaxation, light sedation | Mild relaxation, slight euphoria | Low | | 3–4 | 1.8–2.4 | Strong euphoria, impaired coordination, nausea | Euphoria, relaxation, moderate sedation | Moderate | | 5–6 | 3–3.6 | Heavy sedation, risk of vomiting, blackouts | Strong euphoria, sedation, impaired motor skills | High | | 6.8 | ~4.1 | Very strong sedation, high risk of unconsciousness, vomiting, respiratory depression | Strong sedation, euphoria, risk of blackouts, still significant overdose potential | Very High | | 7–8 | 4.2–4.8 | Life-threatening overdose | Severe sedation, risk of unconsciousness, respiratory depression | Critical |
Conceptual Risk Pattern (Traffic-Light System)🟢 LOW | Light psychoactive effects possible. Function mostly intact.
🟡 MODERATE | Clear intoxication. Impaired coordination, sedation. Judgment reduced. Higher chance of vomiting or blackouts.
🟠 HIGH | Heavy sedation. Major impairment, possible amnesia. Sleep-like states, difficult to wake. Danger increases massively with any combo (alcohol, benzos, opioids).
🔴 VERY HIGH | High risk of overdose. Loss of consciousness, irregular breathing. Vomiting while unconscious possible. Risk of respiratory depression.
⚫ CRITICAL | Severe overdose range. Slow or stopped breathing. Medical emergency—risk of coma or death.
Important Safety Notes- Even high-tolerance users remain at serious risk at higher doses.
- Effects onset: ~15–30 min, peak ~45–90 min, duration 2–4 h.
- Mixing with alcohol or other depressants greatly increases risk.
- Tolerance does not prevent respiratory depression or overdose.
Disclaimer: This post is for informational purposes only and does not provide instructions for use. 1,4-BDO/GHB use carries significant risk of serious injury or death.
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« Last post by smfadmin on December 04, 2025, 01:29:57 AM »
https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/brexpiprazole-co-occurring-schizophrenia-substance-use-disorder-randomized-controlled-trial/?utm_source=Klaviyo&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=news_wmr&klid=01HYSTTNXNB74YAYKT9XMYQCN0&_kx=va3uRF3O8-7Dg_zjrKMZJk0wdery-TOTVyZ3l8muM1g.VpkqxCBrexpiprazole for the Treatment of Co-occurring Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorder: A Multisite, Randomized, Controlled TrialOctober 13, 2025 Abstract Objective: This proof-of-concept study examined the effects of brexpiprazole treatment on substance use, psychiatric symptoms, and quality of life in patients with co-occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorder. Methods: In this 12-week study, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and substance use disorder using DSM-5 criteria were randomly assigned to switch from their current antipsychotic medication to brexpiprazole (up to 4 mg/day) or remain on their current antipsychotic treatment (treatment as usual [TAU]). Substance use was assessed by the number of days of substance use and the dollars spent on substance in the past week, and substance craving was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Quality of life was assessed using the Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale (QOL). In addition, psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity of Illness. Results: Thirty-nine patients were randomized (21 in the brexpiprazole group, 18 in the TAU group). Mixed models for repeated measures showed that, despite the lack of statistical significance, a consistent pattern of decrease in the brexpiprazole group was observed for the number of days of substance use and the dollars spent, as well as substance craving; the brexpiprazole group had a 15.5 points greater decrease in VAS (P=.157) and a $33.3 greater decrease in the dollars spent (P=.108) from baseline to week 12 compared with the TAU group. The brexpiprazole group did show a statistically significant 8.9 points greater increase in QOL compared with the TAU group (P =.020). Even though it was not statistically significant, the brexpiprazole group had a 2.4-point greater decrease in the PANSS General Psychopathology subscale score (P=.150) and a 1.9-point greater decrease in the PANSS Negative Symptom subscale score (P=.126) compared with the TAU group. Conclusion: This study suggests that brexpiprazole might be beneficial in reducing substance craving and use in patients with schizophrenia and co-occurring substance use disorder; this potential benefit may help improve quality of life and overall psychiatric symptoms in a difficult-to-treat patient population.
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« Last post by Chip on December 02, 2025, 01:59:22 PM »
Comprehensive Summary: Pharmacodynamics & Pharmacokinetics of Phenazolam (Clobromazolam)
Abstract
Phenazolam (clobromazolam) is a triazolobenzodiazepine derivative of phenazepam, notable for its extraordinary potency.
- Computational QSAR models predict exceptionally strong binding to GABAa receptors, with subnanomolar Ki values (~0.2 nM for α1 and α5).
- This translates into pronounced sedative and amnesic effects at very low doses.
- Pharmacokinetically, the compound undergoes extensive metabolism via hydroxylation and glucuronidation, mediated by CYP3A4 and UGT enzymes.
- While absorption and renal excretion are inferred, precise parameters such as half-life and clearance remain undefined.
- The absence of direct physiological data underscores both its potential risks in illicit use and the urgent need for further experimental validation.
Background
Phenazepam, developed in the Soviet Union in the 1970s, is known for its long-lasting CNS depression and abuse potential.
Phenazolam modifies this scaffold by adding a triazole ring, a structural feature shared with alprazolam and triazolam, which enhances potency.
Unlike clinically established benzodiazepines, phenazolam remains a research chemical, with most of its properties inferred from analogs and computational models rather than direct studies.
Pharmacodynamics
Phenazolam acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAa receptor.
- It enhances the inhibitory action of GABA by increasing chloride channel opening frequency.
- QSAR analysis yields a binding affinity (log 1/c = 10.14), surpassing flunitrazolam (8.88) and slightly higher than flualprazolam (10.13).
- Subunit selectivity favors α1 (sedation, amnesia) and α5 (memory impairment), with Ki values in the subnanomolar range.
- Predicted clinical effects: profound sedation, muscle relaxation, and amnesia, with comparatively weaker anxiolytic properties.
This makes phenazolam one of the most potent designer benzodiazepines currently identified.
Pharmacokinetics
Phenazolam undergoes complex metabolism:
- Phase I: Hydroxylation produces α-hydroxy, 4-hydroxy, and α-4-dihydroxy metabolites, primarily via CYP3A4.
- Phase II: Glucuronidation yields five conjugates (N-glucuronide, O-glucuronides, and dihydroxy glucuronides), catalyzed by UGT enzymes.
- Early metabolites appear within 60 minutes; late-phase metabolites emerge after 360 minutes.
- Renal excretion is the main elimination pathway, with metabolites detectable in urine, useful for forensic screening.
- Critical pharmacokinetic parameters (absorption rate, volume of distribution, half-life, clearance) remain unknown, leaving major data gaps.
Atomic Composition
The molecular breakdown of phenazolam highlights its pharmacological features:
- Carbon (C): 48.57%
- Hydrogen (H): 34.29%
- Nitrogen (N): 11.43%
- Chlorine (Cl): 2.86%
- Bromine (Br): 2.86%
Halogens (Cl + Br) together account for 5.71%, a small fraction that nonetheless significantly influences potency, metabolic stability, and duration of action.
Nitrogen content (11.43%) is critical for receptor binding and pharmacological activity.
Discussion
Phenazolam’s potency is driven by its halogenation and triazole ring.
- For researchers: these features warrant investigation into receptor binding, metabolism, and toxicity.
- For recreational users: the same features explain its strength and prolonged effects, but also raise risks of oversedation, respiratory depression, dependence, and cognitive decline.
- Even minor atomic contributions (like halogens at 5.71%) can drastically alter pharmacological behavior.
This duality—scientific intrigue vs. recreational hazard—defines phenazolam’s profile.
Conclusion
Phenazolam is a highly potent triazolobenzodiazepine with complex metabolism and strong receptor binding.
- Its predicted pharmacological profile emphasizes sedation and amnesia.
- Extensive hydroxylation and glucuronidation distinguish it from other triazolobenzodiazepines.
- Major data gaps remain, particularly regarding half-life, clearance, and dose-response in humans.
- Further experimental studies are essential to clarify its safety, therapeutic potential, and risks in illicit contexts.
Until such data are available, caution is strongly advised in both research and recreational settings.
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« Last post by Chip on December 02, 2025, 05:41:59 AM »
https://neurosciencenews.com/insomnia-circadian-dysfunction-29996/Insomnia (and Meth?) Keeps the Brain Stuck in Daytime Mode(Editor: Methamphetamine also causes Insomnia) December 1, 2025 Summary: People with chronic insomnia show a delayed and weakened daily rhythm of mental activity, keeping the brain in a more alert, daytime-like state at night. Under tightly controlled conditions, individuals with insomnia failed to show the normal nighttime drop in goal-directed thinking seen in healthy sleepers. Their peak cognitive activity also shifted roughly six and a half hours later than normal. These findings suggest insomnia involves a biological timing problem in how the brain powers down, not just behavioral difficulty falling asleep. Key Facts ● Circadian Shift: Mental activity peaks occur hours later in people with insomnia. ● Blunted Nighttime Shutdown: The expected drop in cognitive engagement during night is reduced. ● Treatment Implications: Strengthening circadian rhythms may improve sleep outcomes. Source: University of South Australia Australian researchers have found compelling evidence that insomnia may be linked to disruptions in the brain’s natural 24-hour rhythm of mental activity, shedding light on why some people struggle to ‘switch off’ at night. Published in Sleep Medicine, the study led by the University of South Australia (UniSA) is the first to map how cognitive activity fluctuates across the day in individuals with chronic insomnia, compared to healthy sleepers. The article continues at the link at the top ...
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« Last post by smfadmin on December 02, 2025, 05:36:19 AM »
https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/a69459642/wukong-monkey-brain-neuromorphic-supercomputer/?source=nl&utm_source=nl_pop&utm_medium=email&date=112925&utm_campaign=nl01_112925_HBU42739672&oo=&user_email=1e7f7a9239bb44f191dc979b8fe5e634e587dfe020b84a653d2040468a8b342b&GID=1e7f7a9239bb44f191dc979b8fe5e634e587dfe020b84a653d2040468a8b342b&utm_term=Pop%20Mech%20Flagship%20Sending%20AudienceChina Claims It Uploaded a Monkey Brain to a Supercomputer—Possibly Bringing Us Closer to the SingularityNov 19, 2025 11:34 AM If this neuromorphic machine is real, it’s a milestone for neuroscience—and a test of what AI can and can’t replace. Researchers in China recently made an astonishing announcement: They’d created a supercomputer modeled on a monkey’s brain. Researchers at the National Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Intelligence at Zhejiang University dubbed the supercomputer Darwin Monkey, or “Wukong,” after the mythological primate that was one of the chief inspirations behind the Dragon Ball Z character, Goku. The scientists designed their machine to mimic the brain of a macaque, a type of monkey often used in scientific research, because it exhibits human-like intelligence and cognition, according to a university press release originally written in Chinese and translated into English. They say it’s “a step toward more advanced brain-like intelligence.” Wukong consists of over two billion spiking neurons in an artificial neural network, which imitate biological neurons by communicating with each other through electrical pulses referred to as spikes. The supercomputer also includes 100 billion synapses, or the area where two neurons connect, allowing them to “communicate” with each other by passing a signal back and forth. That makes Wukong potentially the largest neuromorphic, or brain-like, computer in the world. Because these machines mimic biological circuitry, they’re highly energy efficient. Traditional supercomputers torch through multiple megawatts of power; meanwhile, Wukong is able to run on about 2,000 watts, not dissimilar from a household appliance. The article continues at the source link at the top of the page ...
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« Last post by smfadmin on November 30, 2025, 04:23:03 PM »
⚠️ Multiple BDO Education, Hypothetical Session Summary & Post-Use Harm Reduction⚠️This sticky is for documentation and harm-reduction purposes only.
ALSO see: What is 1,4-BDO ? and BDO (1,4-Butanediol) Dosing Overview
It contains no dosing guidance for BDO/GHB and does NOT encourage use (see avove).
My Metabolic Data:
BDO (1,4-Butanediol)
│ [Alcohol Dehydrogenase, ADH]
▼
γ-Hydroxybutyraldehyde (GHBA)
│ [Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, ALDH]
▼
GHB
→ Neurochemical targets: 2-3 hour GABA-B agonism, combined delayed dopamine rebound, temporary serotonin satiety
Session Summary
• Total reported intake: approximately ~23 ml BDO, more-or-less spread out evenly (with 1 ml attenuation across the entire TWO DAY session) BUT WITH A VERY HIGH GABA TOLERANCE ACQUIRED FROM BDO USE AND ALCOHOLISM !!!• Status at last check-in: fully alert, airway clear, side-lying position (THE RECOVERY POSITION) maintained • Key risk factors: – ⚠️ High cumulative intake (dangerous for most users) – 🧠 Consciousness does not imply safety; tolerance is masking risk – 🫁 BDO/GHB sedation can occur suddenly and silently – ❤️ Cardiac rhythm abnormalities (e.g., A-fib) increase risk – ⏳ Delayed effects possible even after feeling “fine”
Immediate Safety Notes• ➡️ Stay on your side, head slightly elevated (recovery position) • ⏰ Remain awake and responsive • 🔄 Regularly monitor alertness and breathing • 🚫 Do not take additional substances • 📞 Seek emergency help if: consciousness drops, breathing slows, or heart rhythm changes
Post-BDO Harm-Reduction & Supplement SupportThese supplements help recovery and liver support after heavy BDO use:Essential Supplements • 💧 Electrolytes – Sodium, potassium, magnesium to correct dehydration and maintain heart rhythm • 💊 Thiamine (B1) – Supports cognitive function and metabolism; 100–300 mg standard or 50–100 mg benfotiamine • 🧪 NAC (N-acetylcysteine) – Regenerates glutathione and reduces liver strain; 600–1200 mg • ⚡ Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) – Supports glutathione recycling; 100–200 mg Optional Support • 🌿 Milk Thistle (Silymarin) – Liver support • 🐚 Taurine – Calcium regulation, liver and osmolality support; 1–2 g • 🟢 Magnesium Glycinate – Calms jitters; 200–400 mg What to Avoid Right Now • 🚫 Phenibut, benzos, or strong GABAergic supplements • 🚫 High-dose melatonin • 🚫 Mega-doses of antioxidants in short intervals • 🚫 Any further depressants (alcohol, BDO, etc.) Extra Harm-Reduction Tips • 🍽 Eat a balanced meal with protein and carbs • 💧 Hydrate well over 6 hours • ⏳ Wait at least 2–3 hours between supplements • 🛏️ Rest in a side-lying or slightly elevated position, remain awake if sedated
Important Reminder ⚠️ These measures support recovery and liver function but **do not eliminate risk**. Heavy BDO use remains dangerous, even if short and long term tolerances temporarily keeps you conscious. Always monitor alertness, breathing, and heart rhythm closely.
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« Last post by Chip on November 23, 2025, 11:05:55 AM »
Simple amino acid supplement greatly reduces Alzheimer’s damage | ScienceDaily https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/11/251121090731.htmNovember 21, 2025 Arginine shows unexpected power to reduce amyloid damage, hinting at a low-cost, fast-track Alzheimer’s treatment option. Summary: Researchers discovered that the common amino acid arginine can block harmful Aβ aggregation and reduce its toxic effects in Alzheimer’s disease models. In flies and mice, oral arginine lowered plaque levels, reduced inflammation, and improved behavior. Its strong safety record and low cost make it a promising repurposing candidate. The findings hint at a surprisingly simple path toward more accessible AD therapies. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disorder that damages nerve cells in the brain and is one of the main causes of dementia around the world. Current treatments cannot cure the condition. Although antibody-based drugs targeting amyloid β (Aβ) have recently become available, their benefits remain modest. These therapies can also be expensive and may trigger immune-related side effects, underscoring the need for safer, low-cost options that are easier for patients to access. A new study published in Neurochemistry International reports that researchers from Kindai University and partner institutions found that oral arginine, a naturally occurring amino acid that acts as a safe chemical chaperone, can markedly reduce Aβ aggregation and its toxic effects in animal models of AD. The team noted that although arginine is sold as a dietary supplement, the dose and schedule used in their experiments were designed for research and do not match commercial products. See the link for more details ... An inexpensive amino acid already used clinically—can dramatically reduce amyloid buildup and toxicity in Alzheimer’s models. Credit: Shutterstock
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« Last post by smfadmin on November 20, 2025, 10:40:34 AM »
Methamphetamine Melt & Residue Behaviour ReferenceThis document compiles the entire chat session's information into a structured, verbose BBCode page suitable for forum use and built by AI.1. PURE METHAMPHETAMINE (HCl)Melt Characteristics:Liquefies instantly with gentle heat. Fully transparent liquid — no cloudiness. Thin, watery melt that moves rapidly across glass. Minimal bubbling; any bubbles pop immediately. Forms a uniform melt pool with no unmelted patches. Residue Characteristics:Recrystallises into clear, needle-like shards. No fog, chalk, or powdery film. After full vapourisation: almost no residue. Brown or black marks only occur from overheating. Decomposition Clues:Overheating produces sharp ammonia-like smell and brown streaks. Pure MA does not caramelise unless exposed to excessive heat. 2. MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) Melt Behaviour:Melts slower than MA. Melt is thick and syrupy. Cloudy melt with persistent bubbles. Moves sluggishly. Residue Behaviour:Leaves white crystalline residue that doesn’t fully liquefy again. Chalky recrystallisation. Fogging on glass builds over multiple cycles. Decomposition:Forms a persistent white film rather than caramelising. 3. Sugars (Glucose, Lactose, etc.) Melt Behaviour:Thick, sometimes yellowish melt. Caramelises easily. Sticky and uneven melt pool. Residue Behaviour:Brown or black tar spots even at low heat. Sticky residue that cannot recrystallise. Decomposition:Sweet-burnt smell. 4. Isopropylbenzylamine (iPBA) Melt Behaviour:Higher melt temperature than MA. Thicker melt, slightly opaque. Moves sluggishly — forms globs. Residue Behaviour:Opaque, chunky recrystallisation. White granular crust after vapourising. Decomposition:Harsh chemical or plasticky smell. Grit-like residue. 5. Caffeine Melt Behaviour:Does not fully melt. Frothy, uneven bubbling. Yellowish or brownish melt. Residue Behaviour:Brown crust. No recrystallisation. Decomposition:Bitter, burnt smell. 6. Lidocaine (and similar local anaesthetics) Melt Behaviour:Oily, thick melt. Aggressive bubbling. Hazy liquid that never turns clear. Residue Behaviour:Waxy coating. Opaque plate-like recrystallisation. Decomposition:Plastic/electrical burn smell. 7. Ephedrine / Pseudoephedrine Contamination Melt Behaviour:Melts slower than MA. Slightly yellow melt. Longer-lasting bubbles. Residue Behaviour:Yellowish film. Mixed clear + cloudy recrystallisation. Decomposition:Sharp medicinal smell. 8. Industrial / Unknown Contaminants Melt Behaviour:Unpredictable melt. Strong bubbling. Multi-coloured or tan melt. Residue Behaviour:Sticky patches. Pitting of glass. Multi-colour crust. Decomposition:Harsh solvent or burnt-plastic smell. 9. Purity Levels — Quick Visual Diagnostics Excellent Purity:Clear melt Fast, thin movement Glass-clear recrystallisation Minimal residue Medium Purity:Slightly cloudy melt Slower movement Patchy recrystallisation Light fogging Heavily Cut:Thick or sticky melt Persistent bubbles White or brown residue Cloudy recrystallisation Tar spots Fake Shard / iPBA Indicators:High melt temperature Opaque melt Chunky recrystallisation Intense chemical smell 10. Behaviour Patterns That Always Signal ImpuritiesCaramelisation = sugars or overheated organic cuts. White crust that won’t melt = MSM or iPBA. Sticky brown patches at low heat = sugar cuts. Opaque melt = heavy adulterants. Foaming = caffeine or lidocaine.  ) End of Document
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