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Author Topic: The Role and Evolutionary Nature of The Vitamins  (Read 1436 times)

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The Role and Evolutionary Nature of The Vitamins
« on: December 17, 2024, 05:34:39 AM »
The Role and Evolutionary Nature of The Vitamins.

NB: Thiamine B1 uses 5-6 joined rings and B12 is a methyl donor with an Adesine component (as in amino acid).

Vitamins do not have a single, fixed pH because they are organic compounds, and their pH can vary depending on the solution they are dissolved in or the conditions they are exposed to (e.g., aqueous solution, body fluids). However, some vitamins exhibit acidic, neutral, or basic characteristics, which can provide a rough idea of their behavior in water or in supplements. Below is a list of common vitamins categorized by their general pH tendencies:

Acidic Vitamins (Low pH)

1. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): ~2–3 in solution (highly acidic).

2. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): ~5–7 in solution (mildly acidic).

3. Vitamin B3 (Niacin/Nicotinic Acid): ~5–7 in solution (mildly acidic).

Neutral to Slightly Acidic/Basic Vitamins (Middle pH Range):

4. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): ~6–7 in solution.


5. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): ~5–7 in solution (depends on the form).


6. Vitamin B2 (or Vitamin G) (Riboflavin): ~5–7 in solution.


7. Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) or Vitamin M: ~5–7 in solution.

Neutral to Basic Vitamins (High pH)

8. Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Neutral to slightly basic (non-aqueous environment).

9. Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol/Ergocalciferol): Neutral to slightly basic (non-aqueous environment).

10. Vitamin A (Retinol): Neutral to slightly basic (non-aqueous environment).

11. Vitamin K (Phylloquinone/Menaquinone): Neutral to slightly basic (non-aqueous environment).

12. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin): ~6–7.5 in solution.

Notes:

Vitamins soluble in water (B-complex and Vitamin C) tend to exhibit acidic to neutral pH values when dissolved.

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are generally neutral or slightly basic, as they are not readily dissolved in water and often measured in oil-based mediums.

Specific pH values depend on concentration, formulation, and surrounding medium.


If you're working with a specific vitamin in a solution, its exact pH should be tested in that medium for accurate results.
 
☆1. Here’s a list of vitamins in alphabetical order:

• Vitamin A: Essential for vision, immune function, and skin health.

• Vitamin B1 (Thiamin): Helps convert food into energy and is important for brain function.
• Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Supports metabolism and helps maintain healthy skin and eyes.

• Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Aids in energy production and helps maintain healthy skin and nerves.

• Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Important for the synthesis of coenzyme A and metabolism.

• Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Involved in amino acid metabolism and red blood cell production.

• Vitamin B7 (Biotin) or Vitamin H: Supports metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

• Vitamin B9 (Folate/Folic Acid): Crucial for DNA synthesis and cell division.

• Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin): Essential for nerve function and the production of DNA and red blood cells.

• Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): An antioxidant that supports the immune system and skin health.

• Vitamin D: Important for bone health and calcium absorption.

• Vitamin E: An antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage.

• Vitamin K: Essential for blood clotting and bone health.

☆2.
The alphabet was created to simplify and standardize written communication.

* Here’s a brief overview of its origins and purpose:

• Origins: The first alphabetic system is believed to have been developed around 1900-1700 BCE in the Levant region, influenced by earlier writing systems like Egyptian hieroglyphs12.
• The Proto-Sinaitic script, used by Semitic-speaking workers in Egypt, is considered one of the earliest forms of alphabetic writing1.

• Simplification: Before the alphabet, writing systems like hieroglyphs and cuneiform were complex and required extensive training to master. The alphabet reduced the number of symbols needed to represent sounds, making writing more accessible2.

• Standardization: By using a set of symbols to represent individual sounds (phonemes), the alphabet allowed for more consistent and precise recording of language.

• This helped in documenting transactions, laws, and literature more efficiently2.

The development of the alphabet was a significant leap in human communication, enabling more people to read and write and facilitating the spread of knowledge and culture.

If you have more questions about the history of writing or the alphabet, feel free to ask!

1: Wikipedia 2: Discover Magazine

Sent by Copilot:
Vitamin F isn’t actually a vitamin in the traditional sense. It’s a term used to describe two essential fatty acids: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA). These are types of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, respectively12.
Key Functions and Benefits:
• Cell Structure: ALA and LA provide structure and flexibility to cell membranes.
• Growth and Development: They play a crucial role in normal growth, vision, and brain development.
• Signaling Compounds: These fatty acids help regulate blood pressure, immune responses, and other bodily functions.
• Heart Health: They may help reduce the risk of heart disease and lower cholesterol levels.
• Brain Health: Consuming these fatty acids might lower the risk of cognitive issues like Alzheimer’s disease.
• Mental Health: They can help improve symptoms of depression and anxiety.
• Skin Health: Vitamin F is used in skincare products to help with acne, dryness, and wrinkles123.
Sources:
You can find ALA and LA in various plant-based foods, such as:
• Oils: Flaxseed oil, soybean oil, and canola oil.
• Nuts and Seeds: Walnuts, chia seeds, and hemp seeds.

Vitamin J is an outdated term that has been used historically to refer to two different substances:

1. Catechol (or related flavonoids): These are plant-derived compounds initially thought to have vitamin-like properties, particularly in promoting growth and health. However, they are not classified as essential vitamins.


2. Choline: This compound, now recognized as an essential nutrient rather than a vitamin, is involved in fat metabolism and the formation of cell membranes. It is sometimes associated with the B-complex vitamins but is not officially classified as a vitamin.



pH Characteristics:

Catechol (Vitamin J): Catechol solutions are typically acidic, with a pH range around 4-6, depending on concentration.

Choline (Vitamin J): Choline in aqueous solutions tends to be near-neutral, with a pH around 6-7.5, depending on its salt form (e.g., choline chloride).


Would you like more information on either of these compounds or their roles in health?

Vitamin L is a historical term used to describe two substances that were initially thought to be vitamins but were later reclassified. These include:

1. Vitamin L1 (Anthranilic Acid): A compound related to the metabolism of tryptophan and involved in some biological processes. It is not classified as a vitamin today.


2. Vitamin L2 (5-Methyl-7-hydroxyisoflavone or Orizine): A flavonoid-like compound, originally extracted from rice, believed to support lactation and other metabolic functions. It, too, is no longer considered an essential vitamin.



pH Characteristics:

Vitamin L1 (Anthranilic Acid): Slightly acidic, with a typical pH range of ~3-5 in solution.

Vitamin L2 (Orizine): Slightly acidic to neutral, with a pH range of ~5-7 in solution.


These compounds are no longer classified as vitamins because they do not meet the criteria of being essential nutrients required in the diet for human health. Let me know if you'd like to dive deeper into their historical roles or properties!

Vitamin N is an older term historically used to refer to lipoic acid, a compound essential for cellular energy production. While not officially classified as a vitamin, lipoic acid plays an important role as a coenzyme in oxidative metabolism, particularly in the Krebs cycle.

pH of Lipoic Acid (Vitamin N)

Lipoic acid is mildly acidic and has a pH range of 4-6 in aqueous solutions, depending on concentration.

Key Roles of Lipoic Acid:

1. Acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals.


2. Helps regenerate other antioxidants like Vitamin C and Vitamin E.


3. Supports energy metabolism by facilitating enzyme activity in mitochondrial processes.



Would you like additional information about lipoic acid's functions, sources, or benefits?

Vitamin P is an outdated term that was historically used to describe a group of plant compounds known as flavonoids or bioflavonoids. While flavonoids are not officially classified as vitamins, they are essential for promoting health due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Properties of Flavonoids (Vitamin P)

Found in fruits, vegetables, tea, and wine.

Known to improve capillary strength, reduce inflammation, and support cardiovascular health.

Examples include rutin, quercetin, hesperidin, and catechins.


pH Characteristics:

Flavonoids typically exhibit acidic to neutral properties in aqueous solutions, depending on their specific structure and the medium:

pH Range: ~4–7


While no longer considered a vitamin, flavonoids are vital dietary components for maintaining overall health. Let me know if you’d like details about their functions, sources, or health benefits!

Vitamin R is not a recognized vitamin in modern nutritional science. However, the term has occasionally been informally used to refer to rutin, a flavonoid belonging to the larger group of bioflavonoids. These compounds were historically considered vitamin-like due to their potential health benefits.

Rutin (Vitamin R):

Function: Rutin is known for its antioxidant properties, strengthening capillaries, improving circulation, and reducing inflammation.

Sources: Found in foods like buckwheat, citrus fruits, apples, and tea.

Classification: Like other flavonoids, rutin is not classified as a vitamin because it is not an essential nutrient (the body can function without it).


pH Characteristics:

Rutin is slightly acidic to neutral in aqueous solutions, with a pH range of ~4-7, depending on the medium and concentration.


Although no longer considered a vitamin, rutin and similar flavonoids are valued for

Vitamin T is a historical term used for a compound believed to have health benefits, but it is not officially recognized as a vitamin in modern nutritional science. The term has been loosely associated with substances thought to promote specific biological functions, such as:

1. Taurine: An amino acid-like compound that plays a role in bile acid conjugation, cellular hydration, and antioxidant defense. While essential for certain physiological processes, taurine is not classified as a vitamin because the body can synthesize it.


2. Thrombopoietin (hypothetical link): Some sources have speculated that "Vitamin T" referred to compounds thought to enhance blood platelet production and wound healing, but no definitive compound meets the criteria.



pH Characteristics:

Taurine: Neutral to slightly acidic in solution, with a pH around 6-7.


Current Relevance:

While "Vitamin T" is not a recognized nutrient, taurine and similar compounds are studied for their health benefits, especially for the heart, brain, and immune system.

Let me know if you'd like more information on taurine or related compounds!

Vitamin Z is not a scientifically recognized vitamin in modern nutritional science. However, the term has occasionally been used informally or in hypothetical contexts to describe substances thought to offer health benefits. Here are some possible associations:

1. Zinc:

Although not a vitamin, zinc is an essential mineral critical for immune function, wound healing, and enzyme activity.

Zinc is often mistakenly referred to as "Vitamin Z" in informal contexts.


2. Hypothetical or Marketing Term:

"Vitamin Z" might be used as a placeholder or marketing term for supplements or compounds with purported health benefits, though these claims are typically unverified.


3. Sleep-Related Substances:

Some have humorously referred to "Vitamin Z" in connection with substances that promote sleep, such as melatonin, emphasizing its role in rest and relaxation.


If you’re asking about a specific compound or product labeled as "Vitamin Z," let me know, and I can provide further clarification!

Verdict: IRRELEVANT AND INCIDENTAL WITH NATURE !

Lets stick with A+B, anyway.

What is vitamin A and can plants high in this vitamin see ?

**Vitamin A** is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for various bodily functions, including maintaining healthy vision, supporting the immune system, and promoting cell growth²³. It comes in two primary forms:
- **Retinoids** (preformed vitamin A) found in animal products like eggs, fish, and liver.
- **Carotenoids** (provitamin A) found in plant-based foods like carrots, sweet potatoes, and spinach².

Vitamin A is crucial for vision because it helps convert light into electrical signals in the retina, which is necessary for seeing in low-light conditions².

Regarding plants, they don't "see" in the way animals do. However, plants can detect light and respond to it using photoreceptors. These photoreceptors allow plants to sense different wavelengths of light, which helps them grow towards light sources and regulate their growth cycles⁶⁷. Some studies suggest that certain plants can mimic the appearance of other plants, but this is not the same as vision⁵.

So, while plants high in vitamin A (like carrots) are beneficial for human vision, plants themselves do not have the capability to see. They do, however, have sophisticated ways of sensing and responding to their environment. 🌱👀

Is there anything else you'd like to know about vitamin A or plant biology?

Source: Conversation with Copilot, 17/12/2024
(1) Vitamin A: What It Is and How Much You Need - Cleveland Clinic Health .... https://health.clevelandclinic.org/vitamin-a.
(2) Vitamin A - Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-vitamin-a/art-20365945.
(3) Can Plants Hear, Smell, See, Touch Or Taste Stuff?. https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/can-plants-hear-smell-see-touch-or-taste-stuff.html.
(4) What A Plant Sees: Plants Can See Us!! - Plantlet. https://plantlet.org/what-a-plant-sees-plants-can-see-us/.
(5) Can Plants See? In the Wake of a Controversial Study, the Answer’s .... https://www.the-scientist.com/can-plants-see-in-the-wake-of-a-controversial-study-the-answer-is-still-unclear-70796.
(6) Vitamin A, conditions it may treat, Brands and precautions. https://bing.com/search?q=What+is+vitamin+A.
(7) Vitamin A: Benefits, Deficiency, Toxicity, and More - Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/vitamin-a.
(8) Getty Images. https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/food-sources-of-beta-carotene-and-vitamin-a-royalty-free-image/511051020.

Let's explore plant photoreceptors and melanin.

Plants have several types of photoreceptors that allow them to sense and respond to light. These photoreceptors help regulate various developmental and physiological processes, such as seed germination, flowering, and circadian rhythms. Here are the main types of plant photoreceptors:

1. **Phytochromes**: These photoreceptors absorb red and far-red light. They play a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development, including seed germination, shade avoidance, and flowering¹².

2. **Cryptochromes**: These are sensitive to blue and UV-A light. Cryptochromes are involved in controlling circadian rhythms, stem elongation, and the timing of flowering¹².

3. **Phototropins**: These photoreceptors also absorb blue light and are primarily responsible for phototropism (the growth of plants towards light) and chloroplast movement within plant cells¹².

4. **UVR8**: This photoreceptor detects UV-B light and helps plants respond to UV radiation by initiating protective mechanisms¹³.

5. **Zeitlupe (ZTL) family**: These are blue light receptors that help regulate the circadian clock and photoperiodic flowering¹³.

Each type of photoreceptor has a specific role in helping plants adapt to their light environment, ensuring they grow and develop optimally. 🌱💡

Is there a particular aspect of plant photoreceptors you're most interested in?

Source: Conversation with Copilot, 17/12/2024
(1) Chapter 15 - Plant Photoreceptors - Cambridge University Press & Assessment. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/plant-physiology/plant-photoreceptors/9F6DA3C2DD49DD32C6E68F44818F2205.
(2) Diverse photoreceptors and light responses in plants. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10265-016-0792-5.
(3) Photoreceptor protein - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein.
(4) Structure and Function of Plant Photoreceptors - Universidad Veracruzana. .
(5) undefined. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108486392.018.

● Plant Photoreceptors:

Plant photoreceptors are specialized proteins that absorb light and regulate plant growth, development, and behavior in response to light stimuli. They are essential for processes like photosynthesis, phototropism, flowering, and circadian rhythms. Key types of photoreceptors include:

1. Phytochromes (Red and Far-Red Light):

Function: Control germination, flowering, shade avoidance, and photoperiodic responses.

Light Absorbed: Red (~660 nm) and far-red (~730 nm) light.

Mechanism: Exist in two interconvertible forms, Pr (inactive) and Pfr (active), depending on the wavelength of light.

2. Cryptochromes (Blue and UV-A Light):

Function: Regulate circadian rhythms, stem elongation, and flowering.

Light Absorbed: Blue light (~390-500 nm).

Mechanism: Act in concert with phytochromes for light-induced responses.

3. Phototropins (Blue Light):

Function: Mediate phototropism (growth towards light), stomatal opening, and chloroplast movement.

Light Absorbed: Blue light (~400-500 nm).

4. UVR8 (UV-B Light):

Function: Respond to UV-B light (~280-315 nm) to regulate protective responses like flavonoid synthesis and DNA repair.

Mechanism: Helps plants cope with UV stress by activating genes for survival.

5. Zeitlupe Family (ZTL, FKF1, LKP2):

Function: Regulate circadian rhythms and flowering time.

Light Absorbed: Blue light.


Melanin:

Melanin is a pigment primarily found in animals but is also present in some fungi, bacteria, and even plants (though less commonly). It plays key roles in protection and pigmentation.

1. Types of Melanin in Animals:

Eumelanin: Brown or black pigment, responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.

Pheomelanin: Red or yellow pigment, found in red hair and lighter skin tones.

Neuromelanin: Found in specific brain regions, its role is still under investigation.

2. Functions of Melanin:

UV Protection: Absorbs and dissipates ultraviolet radiation to prevent DNA damage.

Antioxidant Properties: Neutralizes free radicals, protecting tissues from oxidative stress.

Thermoregulation: Helps regulate heat absorption in organisms.

Coloration: Provides pigmentation in skin, hair, and eyes for camouflage, mating, or signaling.



3. Melanin in Fungi and Bacteria:

Found in some fungi (e.g., Cryptococcus) and bacteria, where it provides UV protection, thermal stability, and resistance to environmental stress.



4. Melanin in Plants:

Rare but present in some plant tissues, like seeds and fruits, where it may offer protection against UV damage and pathogens.




Both plant photoreceptors and melanin are critical for survival in their respective domains, helping organisms adapt to environmental light conditions and protecting against damage from excessive light or radiation. Let me know if you'd like deeper insights into either topic!
How do Gamma rays affect plants and are any all three by generating energy from chemosynthesis, photosynthesis and radiosynthesis ?

Copilot was avg.

Gamma Rays and Their Effects on Plants:

Gamma rays are a form of ionizing radiation with very short wavelengths and high energy. They can have both harmful and beneficial effects on plants, depending on the dosage:

1. Harmful Effects:

DNA Damage: Gamma rays can cause mutations in the DNA of plant cells, leading to abnormalities or cell death.

Oxidative Stress: High doses generate free radicals, damaging cell membranes, proteins, and other cellular structures.

Growth Inhibition: Exposure to high doses often inhibits seed germination, root elongation, and shoot development.

Chlorophyll Degradation: Can reduce chlorophyll content, impairing photosynthesis and energy production.


2. Beneficial Effects (at Low Doses):

Mutagenesis in Breeding: Controlled gamma irradiation is used to induce mutations, which can lead to the development of new plant varieties with desirable traits (e.g., disease resistance, increased yield).

Growth Stimulation: Low doses can sometimes stimulate germination, cell division, and growth due to mild stress responses.



---

Generating Energy Through Chemosynthesis, Photosynthesis, and Radiosynthesis:

To date, plants and organisms capable of combining chemosynthesis, photosynthesis, and radiosynthesis into one system have not been discovered. Each energy-harnessing method is distinct and typically suited to specific organisms and environments.

1. Photosynthesis (Plants, Algae, Cyanobacteria):

Utilizes sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Mechanism: Light energy is captured by chlorophyll to drive reactions in the chloroplasts.

Dependency: Requires sunlight and is the primary method for energy generation in plants.


2. Chemosynthesis (Certain Bacteria and Archaea):

Uses energy from inorganic chemical reactions (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, methane) instead of sunlight.

Found in deep-sea vents, caves, or extreme environments without light.

Examples: Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in hydrothermal vents.


3. Radiosynthesis (Hypothetical or Rare):

Refers to organisms utilizing ionizing radiation (e.g., gamma rays) for energy.

Confirmed Cases:

Deinococcus radiodurans and Rubrobacter radiotolerans: Bacteria highly resistant to radiation, though they use radiation for repair mechanisms, not direct energy generation.

Fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans: These melanin-containing fungi may use gamma radiation indirectly for growth, a process sometimes described as "radiosynthesis." However, this mechanism is poorly understood and vastly inefficient compared to photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.




---

Could a Single Organism Use All Three Methods?

Currently, no known organism uses photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, and radiosynthesis simultaneously. Reasons include:

1. Adaptation to Environment: Each mechanism requires highly specific conditions. For example, photosynthesis depends on sunlight, while chemosynthesis occurs in dark, chemically rich environments.


2. Biochemical Specialization: Organisms evolve specific biochemical pathways optimized for one energy source.



However, genetic engineering could theoretically combine traits from photosynthetic, chemosynthetic, and radiosynthetic organisms to create a multi-functional energy-harnessing organism. This is still speculative and has not been achieved.

If you’re interested in deeper insights into radiosynthesis or possible biotechnological applications, let me know!

Do the plants in Chernoble have more radioreceptors now ?

Plants in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone have undergone unique adaptations to survive in an environment with high levels of radiation.

However, it is not accurate to say that plants in Chernobyl have developed "radioreceptors." Instead, they exhibit enhanced mechanisms for radiation resistance and repair, which may resemble adaptations to extreme stress.

How Plants in Chernobyl Adapt to Radiation:

☆1. DNA Repair Mechanisms:

Plants exposed to radiation in Chernobyl have been found to upregulate DNA repair systems.

They can efficiently repair double-strand breaks caused by ionizing radiation, ensuring their survival despite continuous DNA damage.


2. Antioxidant Production:

Plants produce higher levels of antioxidants like flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids.

These antioxidants help neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by radiation exposure.


3. Altered Growth Patterns:

Some plants show slower growth or reduced reproduction rates, which may minimize the accumulation of radiation-induced mutations.

Ed: less fissile.

Changes in their growth strategies may also limit radiation damage to vital tissues.


4. Role of Melanin-like Compounds:

Research has found increased production of melanin-like compounds in some plants and fungi in the Chernobyl area. These compounds may absorb radiation and reduce its harmful effects, though this is more prominent in fungi than in plants.


5. Epigenetic Changes:

Plants in the Chernobyl zone have shown changes in gene expression due to epigenetic modifications. These changes allow for rapid adaptation without permanent genetic mutations.



---

Radioreceptors in Plants:

Plants generally do not have specific radioreceptors like photoreceptors (for light) or chemoreceptors. Instead, their response to radiation is driven by:

Stress Sensing Pathways: Detecting damage at the cellular level (e.g., DNA breaks, ROS levels).

Signal Transduction: Activating repair systems and stress responses.


While Chernobyl plants have not developed entirely new receptors for radiation, their existing stress response systems have adapted to the radioactive environment, making them more resilient.


---

Long-Term Evolutionary Changes:

While there is no conclusive evidence of "new" radioreceptors, the harsh conditions may drive natural selection and long-term genetic changes in plant populations. These changes could eventually lead to traits more specialized for radiation tolerance, although this would require extensive time and further study.

Let me know if you'd like more details on specific studies or examples!


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